In Indonesia, maize is an important food crop products, but not optimal production levels.
I. INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia, maize is an important food crop products, but not optimal production levels. PT. Natural Nusantara working to improve maize production in quantity, quality and environmentally friendly / sustainable (aspects of K-3).
II. GROWING CONDITIONS
Ideal rainfall of about 85-200 mm / month and must be evenly distributed. In the phase of flowering and seed filling need to get enough water. Must be planted before the start of the rainy season or dry season. Requires sunlight, the plants are shaded, its growth will be retarded and give seed yield that is not optimal. The optimum temperature of about 230 C - 300 C, but requires no special soil requirements, but the loose soil, humus-rich soil will produce optimal. soil pH between 5.6 to 7.5. The aeration and good water availability, land slope of less than 8%. Areas with slopes greater than 8% must be paid before the formation of terraces. Altitude between 1000-1800 m above sea level with optimum height between 50-600 m above sea level
III. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR RAISING
A. Terms of seed
The seed should be of high quality both genetics, physiology and physics (hibryda seeds). Ability to germinate the seeds of more than 90%. + Seed needs 20-30 kg / ha. Before the seed is planted, must be soaked in the NASA POC (dose 2-4 cc / liter of water overnight).
B. Land Treatment
Land cleared of previous crop residues, crop residues that pretty much burned, ashes returned to the soil, then treated with the hoe and plow. Land to grow 15-20 cm deep hoeing, and then flattened. Every 3 m along the drainage line is herbal. Channel width 25-30 cm, 20 cm deep. These channels are mainly done on the ground that the drainage jelek.Di with a pH below 5, limed soil (dose of 300 kg / ha) with lime spread evenly through / on row crops, + 1 month before planting. Before planting should disebari glio land that has been blended with ripe manure to prevent wilt disease of maize.
C. Planting technique
1. Determining the types of crops
Some of the usual pattern of culture is applied:
a. Interlayer (spacer)
planting more than 1 plant (same or different ages). Example: same age as intercropping maize and soybean intercropping age difference, such as maize, cassava, upland rice.
b. changes Overlap (Multiple Cropping)
performed successively throughout the year taking into account other factors to get maximum benefit. Examples: corn, upland rice, soybean, peanut, etc..
c. Plants have an insert (relay cropping):
cropping pattern by inserting one or more types of crops other than staple crops (planting in the same or different times). Example: corn inserted peanuts, corn, bean paste before harvest time.
d. Plant mixed (mixed):
includes planting some plants and grow without spacing and regulated larikannya, all mixed into one. Land efficient, but risky to the threat of pests and diseases. Example: a mixture of plants such as corn, soybeans, cassava.
2. Planting holes and growth mode
Ditugal planting hole, a depth of 3-5 cm, and each hole is filled with only 1 seed. Maize crop spacing adjusted for age, the older the wider spacing. the maize crop has been more than 100 days after planting, growing distance 40x100 cm (2 feet / hole). the maize harvest from 80 to 100 days, using earnings distance 25x75 cm (1 plant / hole). Harvest <> E. Crop Management
1. Spacing and sewing
Plants that grow well at least, cut with a sharp knife or scissors just above the soil surface. Cancellation of the plant should not be made directly, because it would undermine the roots of other plants that will be allowed to develop. Stitching is to replace the seeds do not grow / die, performed 7-10 days after transplanting (DAT). The number and type of seed and equal treatment in the seam during the planting.
2. Weeding
Weeding is done in 2 weeks. Weeding of maize seedlings can be hand or hoe, fork, etc.. Weeding should not interfere with plant roots are at that age is not yet strong enough to seize the ground then carried out after the plants 15 days old.
3. Pembumbunan
Pembumbunan in collaboration with the weeding to strengthen the position of the plant stems are not easily fall down and cover the roots emerge above ground level due to aeration. Ended when the plants were 6 weeks, with the moment of fertilization. Land on the lines right and left diuruk plants with a hoe, then dumped in row crops. In this way, will guludan elongated.
4. Irrigation and watering
Once the seeds are planted, watering done in moderation, except when the ground was wet, aim to keep the plant does not wilt. But flowering plants, of water needed is greater than the needs of water flowing in the trenches between corn bumbunan.
F. Pests and diseases
1. Pest
a. seed flies (Atherigona exigua Stein)
Symptoms: The leaves change color to yellow, which attacked the decline, eventually wither plants, plants become stunted or dead. Cause: The fly-off with the characteristics of the fly ash-gray color, the color of greenish-yellow striped back, abdomen, yellowish brown, the color of the pearl white eggs, the flies 3 to 3.5 mm long. Control: (1) the simultaneous planting and application of crop rotation. (2) the affected plants immediately removed and destroyed. Garden sanitation (3). (4) spray with PESTONA
b. Silkworm Cup
Symptoms: Plants are cut a few inches above the ground, with traces of bites on the trunk, this young plant collapsed. Cause: Certain types of cut worm: Agrotis ipsilon, Spodoptera litura, the European corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), corn and fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera). Control: (1) planted in rotation in unison or cultures, (2) locate and kill the caterpillars are (usually found in soil), (3) Spray PESTONA, VITURA or Virex.
2. Disease
a. Downy mildew (mildew)
Cause: The fungus Peronosclerospora maydis and P. javanica and P. philippinensis is endemic to temperatures above 270 C and humid air conditions. Symptoms: (1) ages 2-3 weeks spiky leaves, small, rigid, inhibited the growth of stems, color yellow, the underside of the leaf is a layer of white fungal spores, (2) 3-5 weeks of age are stunted, the leaves change color from the base of the leaf, the stalk changed the form and content, (3) on adult plants, there are brown lines on the leaves more elderly. Control: (1) before planting or the beginning of the rainy season, (2) culture system and model of crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, (3) remove and destroy infected plants, (4 ) prevention of early planting with glio
b. foliar disease (Leaf Blight)
Cause: The fungus Helminthosporium turcicum. Symptoms: The leaves appear elongated and irregular patches of yellow and brown spots surrounded grow and spread from the leaf tip to leaf base, the original spots were wet, then changed the color to yellowish brown, and then changed to dark brown. Finally, the entire surface of the leaves brown. Control: Crop rotation (1). (2) regulating the conditions of land is not wet, (3) beginning with glio Prenventif
c. rust disease (Rust)
Cause: The fungus Puccinia sorghi Schw and P.polypora Underw. Symptoms in mature plants, old leaves are brownish spots red spots like rust and there is a tan powder, powder of the fungus to grow and grow. Control: (1) provides moisture, (2) plant varieties resistant to disease, sanitation Garden (3), (4) spray with glio.
d. Swollen charred disease (coal coal corn boil /)
Cause: The fungus Ustilago maydis (DC) of the CDA, Ustilago zeae (Schw) Ung, Uredo zeae Schw, Uredo maydis DC. Symptoms: This fungus entry into the grain ear, causing swelling and remove the gland (bladder), which causes swelling of the packaging is damaged and the spread of spores. Control: (1) provides moisture, (2) cut the plant and burned, (3) seeds to plant and mixed glio NASA POC.
e. Cob rot and seed rot
Cause: The fungus Fusarium or Gibberella Gibberella zeae include (Schw), Gibberella fujikuroi (Schw), Gibberella moniliforme. Symptoms: It can be seen after the opening of the ear packaging, seed corn, pink or brownish red, then turned into a chocolate brown color. Control: (1) corn resistant crop varieties, crop rotation, adjust the spacing, seed treatment, (2) glio early planting.
Note: If a pesticide use natural pesticides can not cope with the recommended use of chemical pesticides. To be more evenly spraying of chemical pesticides and are not easily lost by rainwater add Adhesives Straighten AERO 810, + 5 ml dose (1 / 2 cap) / tank.
G. Harvest and postharvest
1. Characteristics and Harvest Time
Crop Age + 86 to 96 days after planting. Corn for vegetables (baby corn, corn) harvested before the seeds are completely loaded (1-2 cm diameter cob), corn on the cob / fuel are harvested when the milk came from corn and rice maize, fodder, seeds, flour, etc. are harvested at physiological maturity.
2. How to Harvest
Turn the cob follows kelobotnya / broken corn stalk pieces.
3. On board
Peeled while still attached to the rod or after harvesting is completed, the water content in the ears can be lowered so that the fungus does not grow.
4. Drying
Drying corn with the sun (7-8 days) until the water content + 9% -11% or with a dryer.
5. Pemipilan
Once dry corn shellers dipipil by hand or tools.
6. Sorting and grading
Corn seed is separated from the dirt or anything that does not want (the leftovers of cob, a small seed, split seeds, empty seeds, etc..) Tri to avoid fungal attack, pests during storage and improve the quality cultures.
I. INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia, maize is an important food crop products, but not optimal production levels. PT. Natural Nusantara working to improve maize production in quantity, quality and environmentally friendly / sustainable (aspects of K-3).
II. GROWING CONDITIONS
Ideal rainfall of about 85-200 mm / month and must be evenly distributed. In the phase of flowering and seed filling need to get enough water. Must be planted before the start of the rainy season or dry season. Requires sunlight, the plants are shaded, its growth will be retarded and give seed yield that is not optimal. The optimum temperature of about 230 C - 300 C, but requires no special soil requirements, but the loose soil, humus-rich soil will produce optimal. soil pH between 5.6 to 7.5. The aeration and good water availability, land slope of less than 8%. Areas with slopes greater than 8% must be paid before the formation of terraces. Altitude between 1000-1800 m above sea level with optimum height between 50-600 m above sea level
III. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR RAISING
A. Terms of seed
The seed should be of high quality both genetics, physiology and physics (hibryda seeds). Ability to germinate the seeds of more than 90%. + Seed needs 20-30 kg / ha. Before the seed is planted, must be soaked in the NASA POC (dose 2-4 cc / liter of water overnight).
B. Land Treatment
Land cleared of previous crop residues, crop residues that pretty much burned, ashes returned to the soil, then treated with the hoe and plow. Land to grow 15-20 cm deep hoeing, and then flattened. Every 3 m along the drainage line is herbal. Channel width 25-30 cm, 20 cm deep. These channels are mainly done on the ground that the drainage jelek.Di with a pH below 5, limed soil (dose of 300 kg / ha) with lime spread evenly through / on row crops, + 1 month before planting. Before planting should disebari glio land that has been blended with ripe manure to prevent wilt disease of maize.
C. Planting technique
1. Determining the types of crops
Some of the usual pattern of culture is applied:
a. Interlayer (spacer)
planting more than 1 plant (same or different ages). Example: same age as intercropping maize and soybean intercropping age difference, such as maize, cassava, upland rice.
b. changes Overlap (Multiple Cropping)
performed successively throughout the year taking into account other factors to get maximum benefit. Examples: corn, upland rice, soybean, peanut, etc..
c. Plants have an insert (relay cropping):
cropping pattern by inserting one or more types of crops other than staple crops (planting in the same or different times). Example: corn inserted peanuts, corn, bean paste before harvest time.
d. Plant mixed (mixed):
includes planting some plants and grow without spacing and regulated larikannya, all mixed into one. Land efficient, but risky to the threat of pests and diseases. Example: a mixture of plants such as corn, soybeans, cassava.
2. Planting holes and growth mode
Ditugal planting hole, a depth of 3-5 cm, and each hole is filled with only 1 seed. Maize crop spacing adjusted for age, the older the wider spacing. the maize crop has been more than 100 days after planting, growing distance 40x100 cm (2 feet / hole). the maize harvest from 80 to 100 days, using earnings distance 25x75 cm (1 plant / hole). Harvest <> E. Crop Management
1. Spacing and sewing
Plants that grow well at least, cut with a sharp knife or scissors just above the soil surface. Cancellation of the plant should not be made directly, because it would undermine the roots of other plants that will be allowed to develop. Stitching is to replace the seeds do not grow / die, performed 7-10 days after transplanting (DAT). The number and type of seed and equal treatment in the seam during the planting.
2. Weeding
Weeding is done in 2 weeks. Weeding of maize seedlings can be hand or hoe, fork, etc.. Weeding should not interfere with plant roots are at that age is not yet strong enough to seize the ground then carried out after the plants 15 days old.
3. Pembumbunan
Pembumbunan in collaboration with the weeding to strengthen the position of the plant stems are not easily fall down and cover the roots emerge above ground level due to aeration. Ended when the plants were 6 weeks, with the moment of fertilization. Land on the lines right and left diuruk plants with a hoe, then dumped in row crops. In this way, will guludan elongated.
4. Irrigation and watering
Once the seeds are planted, watering done in moderation, except when the ground was wet, aim to keep the plant does not wilt. But flowering plants, of water needed is greater than the needs of water flowing in the trenches between corn bumbunan.
F. Pests and diseases
1. Pest
a. seed flies (Atherigona exigua Stein)
Symptoms: The leaves change color to yellow, which attacked the decline, eventually wither plants, plants become stunted or dead. Cause: The fly-off with the characteristics of the fly ash-gray color, the color of greenish-yellow striped back, abdomen, yellowish brown, the color of the pearl white eggs, the flies 3 to 3.5 mm long. Control: (1) the simultaneous planting and application of crop rotation. (2) the affected plants immediately removed and destroyed. Garden sanitation (3). (4) spray with PESTONA
b. Silkworm Cup
Symptoms: Plants are cut a few inches above the ground, with traces of bites on the trunk, this young plant collapsed. Cause: Certain types of cut worm: Agrotis ipsilon, Spodoptera litura, the European corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), corn and fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera). Control: (1) planted in rotation in unison or cultures, (2) locate and kill the caterpillars are (usually found in soil), (3) Spray PESTONA, VITURA or Virex.
2. Disease
a. Downy mildew (mildew)
Cause: The fungus Peronosclerospora maydis and P. javanica and P. philippinensis is endemic to temperatures above 270 C and humid air conditions. Symptoms: (1) ages 2-3 weeks spiky leaves, small, rigid, inhibited the growth of stems, color yellow, the underside of the leaf is a layer of white fungal spores, (2) 3-5 weeks of age are stunted, the leaves change color from the base of the leaf, the stalk changed the form and content, (3) on adult plants, there are brown lines on the leaves more elderly. Control: (1) before planting or the beginning of the rainy season, (2) culture system and model of crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, (3) remove and destroy infected plants, (4 ) prevention of early planting with glio
b. foliar disease (Leaf Blight)
Cause: The fungus Helminthosporium turcicum. Symptoms: The leaves appear elongated and irregular patches of yellow and brown spots surrounded grow and spread from the leaf tip to leaf base, the original spots were wet, then changed the color to yellowish brown, and then changed to dark brown. Finally, the entire surface of the leaves brown. Control: Crop rotation (1). (2) regulating the conditions of land is not wet, (3) beginning with glio Prenventif
c. rust disease (Rust)
Cause: The fungus Puccinia sorghi Schw and P.polypora Underw. Symptoms in mature plants, old leaves are brownish spots red spots like rust and there is a tan powder, powder of the fungus to grow and grow. Control: (1) provides moisture, (2) plant varieties resistant to disease, sanitation Garden (3), (4) spray with glio.
d. Swollen charred disease (coal coal corn boil /)
Cause: The fungus Ustilago maydis (DC) of the CDA, Ustilago zeae (Schw) Ung, Uredo zeae Schw, Uredo maydis DC. Symptoms: This fungus entry into the grain ear, causing swelling and remove the gland (bladder), which causes swelling of the packaging is damaged and the spread of spores. Control: (1) provides moisture, (2) cut the plant and burned, (3) seeds to plant and mixed glio NASA POC.
e. Cob rot and seed rot
Cause: The fungus Fusarium or Gibberella Gibberella zeae include (Schw), Gibberella fujikuroi (Schw), Gibberella moniliforme. Symptoms: It can be seen after the opening of the ear packaging, seed corn, pink or brownish red, then turned into a chocolate brown color. Control: (1) corn resistant crop varieties, crop rotation, adjust the spacing, seed treatment, (2) glio early planting.
Note: If a pesticide use natural pesticides can not cope with the recommended use of chemical pesticides. To be more evenly spraying of chemical pesticides and are not easily lost by rainwater add Adhesives Straighten AERO 810, + 5 ml dose (1 / 2 cap) / tank.
G. Harvest and postharvest
1. Characteristics and Harvest Time
Crop Age + 86 to 96 days after planting. Corn for vegetables (baby corn, corn) harvested before the seeds are completely loaded (1-2 cm diameter cob), corn on the cob / fuel are harvested when the milk came from corn and rice maize, fodder, seeds, flour, etc. are harvested at physiological maturity.
2. How to Harvest
Turn the cob follows kelobotnya / broken corn stalk pieces.
3. On board
Peeled while still attached to the rod or after harvesting is completed, the water content in the ears can be lowered so that the fungus does not grow.
4. Drying
Drying corn with the sun (7-8 days) until the water content + 9% -11% or with a dryer.
5. Pemipilan
Once dry corn shellers dipipil by hand or tools.
6. Sorting and grading
Corn seed is separated from the dirt or anything that does not want (the leftovers of cob, a small seed, split seeds, empty seeds, etc..) Tri to avoid fungal attack, pests during storage and improve the quality cultures.
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