I. POTENTIAL
Fruit fresh watermelon is a fruit that is loved by all age groups (adults / children) that can be consumed immediately (often also called a table).
Growing plants WATERMELON
(Schard vulhgaris Citrulus)
Classification of watermelon
Kingdom: Plantae
Divisio: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Violales
Familia: Cucurbitaceae
Genus: Citrullus
Species: Citrullus vulgaris
I. POTENTIAL
Fruit fresh watermelon is a fruit that is loved by all age groups (adults / children) that can be consumed immediately (often also called a table).
Fruit-flavored sweet watermelon contains vitamin C which is needed by the human body and also contain a lot of watermelon as thirst statement.
Watermelon is known to contain substances that are effective in killing cancer cells. Watermelon contains a substance that can turn the activity of white blood cell function that can boost immunity and contain substances that can stimulate the phagocyte. Phagocyte is a cell of blood that is able to protect the blood system against infection by absorption of microbes to kill the cells can cause cancer.
The content is very low calorie fruit watermelon watermelon that can function as a diuretic. Watermelon contains carotenoid pigment types of flavonoids that provide color red or yellow flesh.
Flavonoids also act as an anti-allergy that has a function as an antioxidant that reduces spending on histamine and other allergic substances. The latest results, flavonoids contribute to achieving optimum physical health. Although few, watermelon contains vitamins and minerals that the body needs of man.
In some regions, such as Dempet Grobogan-and-Purwodadi Demak, Central Java, farmers plant a watermelon seed hereditary local small pieces specially made seeds. These seeds are harvested and dried and ready to be sent to specialized treatment plants seeds of watermelon as a snack known as watermelon seeds. In addition, the watermelon is also often used as raw vegetables.
The fruit of the gourd family Labuan high water content makes it very attractive to humans and animals, which extends to be faster, for example India, China and neighboring countries, including the Indonesia. It was also easy to grow plants of watermelon with a short life, marketing easy and sustainable in the store.
II. CONSTRAINTS
quality of watermelon LV is less important, such Sengkaling Malang. local watermelons are generally too large, not uniform, the color of the fruit or the color of the meat less attractive, the seed is too much and taste (water content) is less in line with consumer tastes demand.
III. VARIETY
1. Local Watermelon
a. Pasuruan watermelon black
shiny black fruit skin and fruit are round Flesh pink
The fruit is small making it less demanding, although it's pretty sweet
b. Watermelon Stone Sengkaling
Light green, dark green striped rind
Fruit shape is oval (oval)
Flesh pink
watermelon fruit is only able to control the local market despite a fairly mild taste
c. Watermelon Bojonegoro
The seeds are contained in many fruits on
The fruit flavor is less inviting
This type of watermelon seeds are grown to take, which is transformed into kuwaci
Rind dark green striped
2. Import hybrid watermelon
watermelon seeds imported hybrid type was imported from another state. Usually imported hybrid seed is a kind of fruit that each parent has its own advantages.
imports watermelon hybrid can be divided into 2 groups, namely:
a. Hybrid watermelon seeds (haploid)
Watermelon contains the seeds can be planted again with the fruit character similar to the parent fruit.
b. non-hybrid watermelon seeds (triploid)
melon seeds do not contain, even if only one or two seeds only. Seeds will be back in the seedy fruit.
artificial pollination
Male flowers in watermelon seeds are not sterile, which means unable to fertilize the female flowers so that the necessary pollination of watermelon seeds to plant watermelon seeds not to produce fruit. It is unlikely naturally pollinated by insects, while using non-cereal crops planted in rotation with watermelon plants seeds of watermelon. Tiu addition, planting alternately can not plant watermelon seeds with a non-public that much because of the amount must be equal to the watermelon berbijinya. Therefore, for the agro-industry, non-pollinated watermelon seed must be done with the help of man. The advantage of artificial pollination is perfectly shaped fruit product and the population of non-plant watermelon seeds will be planted to be arranged. Cultivation of watermelon seeds to artificial pollination requires not only 1 / 8 semngka plant seeds as a pollinator. In other words, the male flowers of a plant watermelon seeds can pollinate the female flowers of watermelon seeds 8 non-plant! Why? not because the number of male flowers in watermelon seeds are very high compared to female flowers.
Non-female flower seeds of watermelon will be maintained that the female flowers are located above 1 m from the base of plants or leaf segments from the 13th or 14th. The first female flowers appear in the segment of the 6th or 7th. This flower is not pollinated drops. If the first female flowers that form is not optimal and the shape is not perfect.
The male flowers of watermelon seeds collected in a special container, for example, small buckets or cans. Also prepare pieces of raffia twine along 12 cm for a sign that the female flower has been pollinated. To facilitate implementation, in accordance with block-block factory that is responsible. Pollination is the morning between the hours of 6:00 to 10:00 when the female flower is the first manufacturer. If pollination has elapsed from 10.00 mostly female flowers have withered.
Attach the male seed of flowers watermelon watermelon on the female flowers of non-seeds. The left hand holds the existing branches of female flowers, while the hand holding the branch of male flowers that pollinators. Vapor-rub male flowers in a circular motion so that the pollen uniformly fertile stigmas of female flowers. Make a mark on the branches near the female flowers of watermelon seeds that had not been fertilized with raffia rope was tied loosely berwarnayang. Do pollinated female flowers in the three branches of the parent as much as possible (at least 3 blooms per branch). To obtain satisfactory results, 1 diserbukan male pollinators of flowers and female flowers on a non-watermelon seeds.
In general, the work of non-pollinating watermelon seeds in a planting area was completed this week Dalan. This is due to non-flowering seed female flowers are not the same between a plant with another plant, even between branches within a single plant was different times.
To facilitate the introduction of hybrid seed types, there are several kinds of fruit hybrids are in high demand by farmers or consumers watermelon top
• seed watermelon seed fleshy red fruit
1. New Dragon
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: resistance to Fusarium
High-Power Production
-The fruit is not easily broken, so resistant to long-range transport
-Ability to adapt to different soil conditions
Weaknesses: branching plants spread and thus require large beds
Plant Age: 76 days after seeds are planted
2. China Dragon
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: short branching plants, so can be grown on a medium-size bed
Fusarium wilt disease-resistant and antracnosa
Weaknesses: The skin of the fruit is not so resistant to the touch drive.
Less transport resistance distance
Plant Age: 80 days after the seeds are planted
3. Lucky Mountain
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: - Rapid growth and fruiting
- The fruit stand is transported and stored
Plant Age: 75 days after the seeds are planted
4. Dragon Flower
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: - production
- Keep the storage and transport
Weaknesses: The shape and color of fruit skin resembles the type of triploid watermelon, so sometimes rejected a container merchant in order to avoid confusion
Plant Age: 75 days after the seeds are planted
5. Baby Grand
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: - production
- Not easy to crack
- Keep transport
Weaknesses: The maximum size of fruit is relatively low compared to other types of fruit size in its class.
Plant Age: 78 days after seeds are planted
6. Light Flight
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: - Bearing in unison to a uniform size
- Not easy to crack
- Production of high fruit
Weaknesses: Requires full sun if the crust of bright color, without seeing a smaller fruit size and less attractive
Plant Age: 80 days after the seeds are planted
• seed watermelon seed fleshy yellow fruit
1. Yellow Baby
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: - aged short duration and can be planted in limited areas
- Production of high fruit
Weaknesses: relatively small compared with other fruit varieties in the same category
Plant Age: 75 days after the seeds are planted
,
• seed watermelon non-fleshy red fruit seed
1. Quality
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: - Keep it in storage and transport
- Production of high fruit and not easy to change the taste
Weaknesses: fruit size is not uniform because the flow is not simultaneously
Plant Age: 82 days after the seeds are planted
2. No. 1 Fengshan
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: - hard crust, keep in storage and transport
- The number of hardy plants and leaf width
Weaknesses: Sometimes difficult dikecambahkan seed. Only suitable for planting in areas that contain soil clay and plant age is relatively long compared to other varieties.
Plant Age: 85 days after the seeds are planted
• Special watermelon seeds used for food or small seeds pumpkin seeds
1. Wanli
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Plant Age: 80 days after the seeds are planted
2. Red Luck
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Plant Age: 80 days after the seeds are planted
IV. GROWING CONDITIONS
Overall growth of watermelon plants consist of climate, soil and water.
1. Climate
Factors affecting climate semagka gtanaman growth, including temperature, sunshine, altitude and rainfall.
a. Temperature
Pursuant to the region of origin, plant watermelon in Africa needs a hot, dry weather for growth. Watermelon temperature ranges between 25-30 oC plant growth. The optimum temperature for vegetative growth between 20-25 ° C, while the optimum temperature for flowering is 25 deg.
b. Sun
Watermelon plants memrlukan sunlight during penuih pertumbuhannnya. Therefore planting area of watermelon should be open. Sunlight is necessary for the process of cooking food or photosynthesis of plants.
c. Altitude
watermelon plant needs a warm, dry weather for growth. Altitude for the cultivation of watermelon ranged from 0000-1000 m altitude. Ketinngian optimal location for the cultivation of watermelon, between 000-400 m above sea level.
d. Rainfall
precipitation Memerlikan crops of watermelon season between 120-150 mm or 40-50 mm per month. Memndapatkan for high production and good quality fruit, planting watermelon should be done during the dry season.
2. Land
Watermelon plants have a root system deep enough. Therefore, these plants need a loose soil, sand, and rich in organic matter. In principle, watermelon plants can be grown in different soil types, ranging Darai soil laterite soil, regosol andosol until podzolic, provided that the absence of soil properties can be manipulated by fertilization, the addition of organic matter, liming. Watermelon plants have a wide adaptability to soil pH. plant growth of watermelon is best when grown in a pH range of 6.0 to 7.2.
3. Water
Water melon memrlukan plants in large quantities to support growth and produksinnya. This is not surprising, since over 90% fruit content of watermelon is water.
V. SOIL TREATMENT
Better land in a roundabout way dioleh / hoeing as possible, and made beds with a width of 3 m and length depending on soil conditions, the distance between beds of 40 cm.
Watermelon plants can be grown without soil (TOT) by spraying herbicides using, digemburkan enough planting hole with a size of 40 x 40 x 20 cm, the hole left open 2-3 days.
VI. The planting distance / INVESTMENT
A. Spacing
Watermelon plants can be planted with a spacing
- 70 x 300 cm
- 100 x 280 cm
B. Culture
watermelon plants grown with 2 systems
- Plant the seeds directly (TBL) with the number of seeds per hole 1-2 seeds
- Sowing seeds earlier, after a 10-day seedlings can be moved on the ground
VII. MAINTENANCE STRATEGY
A. Dusting
Watermelon plants really need water spray / crop growth.
Watering can be done as follows:
- 0-7 days -> watered daily
- 7 to 14 days -> 1 x 2 days watered
- 14 to 21 days -> 1 x watered 3 days
- 21 to 30 days -> 1 x watered 4 days
B. Fertilization
Fertilizers are used for the watermelon plant, including: manure, TSP, KCl and ZA
Additional fertilizer:
1. The period from the second to the third leaf
2. Tendrils began to spread to the same period membumbun
3. The period of the first female flower
4. Period pieces of boxing
5. The period of 15 days before fruit harvest
If the soil is less contain borax, borax received the same fertilizer base to 5 kg per hectare.
Fertilizer replicas ditugalkan 10-15 cm stem
Supply of liquid fertilizer by 10 CC SEPRINT dissolved in 5 l of water and spray at the age of 2-3 weeks after planting and was repeated once 7 days to 15 days before harvest
C. Pruning
For a large fruit and high production of watermelon plants must be trimmed. The first pruning is done after the plant began branching plants watermelon regular first segment in the branches up to 4 branches, 1-2 branches custody truly healthy is less healthy for the elimination branches, and after cutting followed by removing branches that grow on the main shoots are held until the release of the first fruit buds, to get good quality fruit try fruit first removed, keep the fruit of the second and third.
D. Control of pests and diseases
Usually pests often attack plants of watermelon (which attacked the leaves) that the beetle pests Caccinelid (Sinharmonia Octamaculta) or regional language called Koronang, small animals yellowish red color, sometimes round black spots.
Control by spraying the insecticide Sevin 85 S, Dursban, Bayrusil with a dose of 2 cc / liter of water.
Diseases that attack watermelon plants are generally species of fungi, among others:
- Wit Fusarium: Maneb 80%, 80% Difolatan, M Dilsen 74%
Dithane M Propined 70%, 80% mancozeb, -45: Anthracuose -
Powdery mildew -: Karathane 37.4%; Benlate50%, 25% Marestan
(A) Pests
plant pests of watermelon can be classified into 2 groups: parasites that are not resistant to tahandan peptisida.
Pests that are not resistant to pesticides (bug sheets, forms such as chips), usually green dotted bergelombol life, no wings, and mudahberkembang multiply. The symptoms that occur berberecak yellow leaves, pertumbuhannyaterhambat. The control is done by non-chemical and chemical drugs. The second is a pest of pests resistant to pesticides such as rats, domestic animals (cats, dogs and chickens). Pengendallian: pematangselalu keep clean, built a fence that surrounds the plant, installing a alatyang produces sounds when the rotation barrier and held.
1) Thrips
thin small, pale yellow-black, edged sungutbadan. Modes of transmission are roaming the night, race menetapdan.
Control: Spray a solution of insecticide and plant moisture evenly.
2) Worm destroyer leaves
Green with black / yellow striped green, edible leaves tandaserangan to live and visible layers of candle jauhseperti perforated.
Control: performed by non-chemical and chemical.
3) Mites
Little red beast a little yellowish / greenish liquid kecilmengisap plant size, and defend themselves by biting menyengat.Tandanya, it seems that the threads of the nests of animals on the surface of leaves, leaf color is pale.
Control: performed with non-chemicals and pesticides.
4) ground silkworm
Berbintik-bintik/bergaris-garis black body length, 2-5 cm aktifmerusak and moving at night. Attacks the leaves, especially shoot-tunasmuda, adult worms prey on the plant base.
Control: (1) the simultaneous planting in an area adjacent to break the cycle and eliminate the butterflies hiduphama nest around him, (2) control secarakimiawi with drugs in accordance with the rules of planting fruit watermelon.
5) scale insects and fruit flies
Characteristics have transparent wings with yellow spots and has a trunk. Signs of an attack: there are scars padakulit fruit (such as perforation proboscis), smelled slightly sour flesh danterlihat bruising.
Control: performed by non-chemical (membersihkanlingkungan mainly on the skin of fruit, soil pests former reversed dengandibajak / hoe). Chemically with drugs.
(B) Disease
1) Fusarium
Cause: The environment and situations that allow fungi to grow (the weather is too wet).
Symptoms: rot at harvest was heavy and
fertile, little by little.
Control: (1) in non-chemically with the rotation
planting and maintenance of environmental conditions, planting new areas yangbelum planted, or planted the seed that was soaked in the drug, (2) secarakimiawi performed periodically spraying fungicides.
2) The leaf spots
Cause: The spores of bacteria carried by the wind from another plant that was attacked.
Symptoms: The leaf surface there are yellow spots and later turn brown eventually wither and die, or there are subtle berwarnaabu-abu/ungu acorns.
Control: (1) in non-chemical, such as Fusarium, (2) plants treated with a fungicide which consists of Dithane M 45dosis 1.8 to 2.4 grams / liter; Delsen MX 200 with a dose of 2-4 grams / liter, Trimoltix 65WP dose 2-3 grams / liter and 75 Wp Daconil dose of 1 to 1.5 grams / liter.
3) Antraknosa
The reason: as the disease Fusarium wilt.
Symptoms: The leaves are brown spots that eventually change color red and the leaves eventually die. Bilamenyerang fruit, pink dots appear along kelamaansemakin widespread.
Control: (1) conducted a case of non-chemical control of Fusarium wilt disease, (2) using a fungicide Velimex WPdosis 80 2 to 2.5 grams / liter of water.
4) Rot seedlings
Attack on the seeds planted.
Symptoms: brown seed stalks, vines, and then fall down dead.
Control: seeds soaked in Benlate WP dose of 20 drugs of 1-2 grams / liter of water and 44 FF 1-2cc/liter Difolathan dose of water.
5) The rotten fruit
Causes: fungal / bacterial pathogens that infect the fruit before maturity and active after the fruit begins to be picked.
Control: avoid skin damage and prevent the onset of fruit, either during transport or storage, picking fruit during the day are not cloudy / rain.
6) leaf rust
The cause: a virus transmitted by parasitic plants that grow on plant leaves.
Symptoms: blistered leaves, mottled, tend to change shape,
dwarf plants and longitudinal cracks occur on the trunk.
Control: same as the disease Fusarium wilt. Not found the right drug, which has already touched sehinggatanaman must, in order not to disseminate the healthy plants
VIII. HARVEST
a.Ciri and harvest age
Age harvested after 70-100 days after planting. Features: terjadiperubahan by color of the fruit and stem of the fruit begins to fall, the fruit is bisadipetik (harvest). Weather affected crops, and the type of seed (hybrid / jenistriploid, as well as species of stone fruit).
b.Cara Harvest
In picking fruit harvest must be done to cuacacerah time and not clear, so the fruit in dry conditions at the surface of the skin, and lasts into the hands of penyimpananan pengecer.Sebaiknya or watermelon cutting is along the stems.
c.Periode Harvest
Harvesting is done at certain times. If the fruit dapatdipanen simultaneously at a time, but if you can not be done in 2 kali.Pertama picked fruit that is old, both while the rest are taken semuanyasekaligus. The three after the leaves have started to dry because the fruit grows more tidakdapat fruit should be picked.
Production d.Prakiraan
The production of each tree must be held pembatasanhasil fruit watermelon, so it can be estimated the amount of production. Rather, the number ranged from 2-3 pieces of fruit per tree (a fruit on the tree branch dan2 fruit on the main stem of the tree), with ± 8.6 kg of fruit per tree.
VIII. Postharvest
post-harvest activities that require attention to the fruits of watermelon commodity consists of five activities, namely:
1. Washing or cleaning
watermelon fruit Dipanenharus which was cleaned of any dirt on the surface of the skin, either in the form of dirt and mud from spraying pesticide residues produced when the plant maintenance. Therefore, these kotorankotoran if not cleaned can be a source of contamination of different types of pathogens that can infect fruit at any time. In addition, leaching is also intended to lower the temperature of the fruit for the process of respiration and sweat in the fruit can be inhibited so as to prolong the freshness of fruit.
Washing of fruit should be done using chemicals and wax Britex Brogdex neutral cleaner who was traded in farm shops. Neutral Cleaner Brogdex function cleans all the dirt on the surface of the fruit skin and simultaneously kill the germs that remain attached to the skin of the fruit. While conservatives Britex or wax is used to prolong the freshness of the fruit so the fruit has a long life.
2. Sorting and grading
watermelon fruit that was harvested in general have a shape and size are not uniform, and have different levels of damage. Also, sometimes in a single planting area planted more than one species or varieties of watermelon so that the results are very heterogeneous. This heterogeneous state should split up in order to obtain a uniform product, both in terms of size (weight), fruit flesh color of fruit, fruit damage, fruit maturity, and variety. Activities fracture is called sorting. By sorting it will be easier in the grouping into classes (class) or the classification itself.
Sorting and classification are two activities that can not be separated from each other because they have a very close relationship to determine the level of fruit in the uniformity of certain groups. With sorting and classification will facilitate the marketing, especially to determine the price level, to facilitate consumers in choosing the items you want to provide consumer satisfaction and confidence to ensure market stability.
The watermelon fruit pengkelasan criteria can be performed using the following criteria:
- Class I: The fruit weight of 4 kg or more, depending on the variety of perfect fruit, no faults, and the fruit is ripe.
- Class II fruit weight between 2-4 pounds, perfect fruit shape depending on the variety, there is no default and the fruit is ripe.
- Class III: The weight of less than 2 kg of fruit, fruit shape perfectly with the varieties, there are no defects, and the fruit is ripe.
- Class IV: This is an assortment of fruit class I, class II, class III because of the presence of a disability or other factors, but the fruit is still within safe to eat .
3. Storage
storage of fruit watermelon can be done in a room at low temperature with room temperature control or storage in a ventilated room without temperature control. Storage at low temperature is the fruit stored at room temperature is 40 ° F or 4.4 o C with humidity in the room about 80-85%. With such a low temperature storage of fresh fruit can be up to 4-5 weeks. Although storage in a ventilated room without temperature control is the fruit stored in a room or a warehouse that has been fumigated or didesinfektan.
4. Packaging and transport
watermelon fruit packing can use containers or baskets. The fruit is about to be transported to the integrated marketing centers in the container was mostly the protective material of paper clippings or hay as a pillow. In fact hindarkanlah packaging capacity that exceeds the capacity of the packaging unit to prevent damage from the crowd, pressure, or the impact of other packaging equipment. Packaging tool should memil ventilation holes in the walls of the high humidity can be avoided.
Pengengkutan function in post-harvest activities are intended to convey the watermelon fruit garden or storage to marketing centers like Central Market, local markets, supermarkets etc..
5. Marketing
In marketing activities, the factors to consider is the pricing and marketing jalurjalur or institutions involved in the distribution of the fruits of watermelon. Pricing should be based on a specific class, the price level in category I should be higher than the price level basement.
To obtain a higher sale price, farmers can reduce time to market (business administration). Thus, farmers can obtain keuntunan. By shortening the path to trading system then the farmer's income may be higher and consumers can also benefit, namely the price level falls into the hands of consumers so that consumers can reduce the power increase consumer buying in the market.
Overview Agribusiness Opportunities
culture technique of watermelon has been conventionally understood. Will also be shown lebihsempurna when its economic value. It is important mengetahuitingkat the feasibility and cost of production per hectare dalamsetiap income. In addition farmers can estimate the penanamansemangka desired area, will also be sought in accordance dimiliki.Untuk capital that supports the calculation of the conventional thing agricultural watermelon adabeberapa analysis to highlight the following: a) Plants grown in monoculture of watermelon with a spacing of 5.0 mx 0.8 m so that the plant population per hectare reached tanaman.b 3500) varieties of watermelon grown plants is a kind of superiority (F1hibrid), namely varieties mindful.c) The planting sites are diesel-water as a source of water if diperlukan.d) workforce is divided into two working men (HKP) and employment of women (HKW) The cost of labor for men is higher than women's work, hours of work per day: 8 jam.e) Growing watermelon conducted during the dry season (March-September) Cost analysis. This income is not fixed, depending on the land besarnyasewa, employees, fluctuations in prices saprodi, and the price of fruit production are obtained.
STRATEGY
producers of watermelon with a Japanese feel able to form a glorious garden production of watermelon watermelon-shaped box. outsmart them by entering the watermelon fruit is still weak in a box. Watermelon will then grow inside the box. When the fruit of watermelon is grown and ready to be harvested, then the shape of watermelon printed in a box shape. Besides the shape of the box, there is also a heart-shaped and pyramid.
Fruit fresh watermelon is a fruit that is loved by all age groups (adults / children) that can be consumed immediately (often also called a table).
Growing plants WATERMELON
(Schard vulhgaris Citrulus)
Classification of watermelon
Kingdom: Plantae
Divisio: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Violales
Familia: Cucurbitaceae
Genus: Citrullus
Species: Citrullus vulgaris
I. POTENTIAL
Fruit fresh watermelon is a fruit that is loved by all age groups (adults / children) that can be consumed immediately (often also called a table).
Fruit-flavored sweet watermelon contains vitamin C which is needed by the human body and also contain a lot of watermelon as thirst statement.
Watermelon is known to contain substances that are effective in killing cancer cells. Watermelon contains a substance that can turn the activity of white blood cell function that can boost immunity and contain substances that can stimulate the phagocyte. Phagocyte is a cell of blood that is able to protect the blood system against infection by absorption of microbes to kill the cells can cause cancer.
The content is very low calorie fruit watermelon watermelon that can function as a diuretic. Watermelon contains carotenoid pigment types of flavonoids that provide color red or yellow flesh.
Flavonoids also act as an anti-allergy that has a function as an antioxidant that reduces spending on histamine and other allergic substances. The latest results, flavonoids contribute to achieving optimum physical health. Although few, watermelon contains vitamins and minerals that the body needs of man.
In some regions, such as Dempet Grobogan-and-Purwodadi Demak, Central Java, farmers plant a watermelon seed hereditary local small pieces specially made seeds. These seeds are harvested and dried and ready to be sent to specialized treatment plants seeds of watermelon as a snack known as watermelon seeds. In addition, the watermelon is also often used as raw vegetables.
The fruit of the gourd family Labuan high water content makes it very attractive to humans and animals, which extends to be faster, for example India, China and neighboring countries, including the Indonesia. It was also easy to grow plants of watermelon with a short life, marketing easy and sustainable in the store.
II. CONSTRAINTS
quality of watermelon LV is less important, such Sengkaling Malang. local watermelons are generally too large, not uniform, the color of the fruit or the color of the meat less attractive, the seed is too much and taste (water content) is less in line with consumer tastes demand.
III. VARIETY
1. Local Watermelon
a. Pasuruan watermelon black
shiny black fruit skin and fruit are round Flesh pink
The fruit is small making it less demanding, although it's pretty sweet
b. Watermelon Stone Sengkaling
Light green, dark green striped rind
Fruit shape is oval (oval)
Flesh pink
watermelon fruit is only able to control the local market despite a fairly mild taste
c. Watermelon Bojonegoro
The seeds are contained in many fruits on
The fruit flavor is less inviting
This type of watermelon seeds are grown to take, which is transformed into kuwaci
Rind dark green striped
2. Import hybrid watermelon
watermelon seeds imported hybrid type was imported from another state. Usually imported hybrid seed is a kind of fruit that each parent has its own advantages.
imports watermelon hybrid can be divided into 2 groups, namely:
a. Hybrid watermelon seeds (haploid)
Watermelon contains the seeds can be planted again with the fruit character similar to the parent fruit.
b. non-hybrid watermelon seeds (triploid)
melon seeds do not contain, even if only one or two seeds only. Seeds will be back in the seedy fruit.
artificial pollination
Male flowers in watermelon seeds are not sterile, which means unable to fertilize the female flowers so that the necessary pollination of watermelon seeds to plant watermelon seeds not to produce fruit. It is unlikely naturally pollinated by insects, while using non-cereal crops planted in rotation with watermelon plants seeds of watermelon. Tiu addition, planting alternately can not plant watermelon seeds with a non-public that much because of the amount must be equal to the watermelon berbijinya. Therefore, for the agro-industry, non-pollinated watermelon seed must be done with the help of man. The advantage of artificial pollination is perfectly shaped fruit product and the population of non-plant watermelon seeds will be planted to be arranged. Cultivation of watermelon seeds to artificial pollination requires not only 1 / 8 semngka plant seeds as a pollinator. In other words, the male flowers of a plant watermelon seeds can pollinate the female flowers of watermelon seeds 8 non-plant! Why? not because the number of male flowers in watermelon seeds are very high compared to female flowers.
Non-female flower seeds of watermelon will be maintained that the female flowers are located above 1 m from the base of plants or leaf segments from the 13th or 14th. The first female flowers appear in the segment of the 6th or 7th. This flower is not pollinated drops. If the first female flowers that form is not optimal and the shape is not perfect.
The male flowers of watermelon seeds collected in a special container, for example, small buckets or cans. Also prepare pieces of raffia twine along 12 cm for a sign that the female flower has been pollinated. To facilitate implementation, in accordance with block-block factory that is responsible. Pollination is the morning between the hours of 6:00 to 10:00 when the female flower is the first manufacturer. If pollination has elapsed from 10.00 mostly female flowers have withered.
Attach the male seed of flowers watermelon watermelon on the female flowers of non-seeds. The left hand holds the existing branches of female flowers, while the hand holding the branch of male flowers that pollinators. Vapor-rub male flowers in a circular motion so that the pollen uniformly fertile stigmas of female flowers. Make a mark on the branches near the female flowers of watermelon seeds that had not been fertilized with raffia rope was tied loosely berwarnayang. Do pollinated female flowers in the three branches of the parent as much as possible (at least 3 blooms per branch). To obtain satisfactory results, 1 diserbukan male pollinators of flowers and female flowers on a non-watermelon seeds.
In general, the work of non-pollinating watermelon seeds in a planting area was completed this week Dalan. This is due to non-flowering seed female flowers are not the same between a plant with another plant, even between branches within a single plant was different times.
To facilitate the introduction of hybrid seed types, there are several kinds of fruit hybrids are in high demand by farmers or consumers watermelon top
• seed watermelon seed fleshy red fruit
1. New Dragon
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: resistance to Fusarium
High-Power Production
-The fruit is not easily broken, so resistant to long-range transport
-Ability to adapt to different soil conditions
Weaknesses: branching plants spread and thus require large beds
Plant Age: 76 days after seeds are planted
2. China Dragon
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: short branching plants, so can be grown on a medium-size bed
Fusarium wilt disease-resistant and antracnosa
Weaknesses: The skin of the fruit is not so resistant to the touch drive.
Less transport resistance distance
Plant Age: 80 days after the seeds are planted
3. Lucky Mountain
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: - Rapid growth and fruiting
- The fruit stand is transported and stored
Plant Age: 75 days after the seeds are planted
4. Dragon Flower
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: - production
- Keep the storage and transport
Weaknesses: The shape and color of fruit skin resembles the type of triploid watermelon, so sometimes rejected a container merchant in order to avoid confusion
Plant Age: 75 days after the seeds are planted
5. Baby Grand
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: - production
- Not easy to crack
- Keep transport
Weaknesses: The maximum size of fruit is relatively low compared to other types of fruit size in its class.
Plant Age: 78 days after seeds are planted
6. Light Flight
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: - Bearing in unison to a uniform size
- Not easy to crack
- Production of high fruit
Weaknesses: Requires full sun if the crust of bright color, without seeing a smaller fruit size and less attractive
Plant Age: 80 days after the seeds are planted
• seed watermelon seed fleshy yellow fruit
1. Yellow Baby
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: - aged short duration and can be planted in limited areas
- Production of high fruit
Weaknesses: relatively small compared with other fruit varieties in the same category
Plant Age: 75 days after the seeds are planted
,
• seed watermelon non-fleshy red fruit seed
1. Quality
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: - Keep it in storage and transport
- Production of high fruit and not easy to change the taste
Weaknesses: fruit size is not uniform because the flow is not simultaneously
Plant Age: 82 days after the seeds are planted
2. No. 1 Fengshan
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Advantages: - hard crust, keep in storage and transport
- The number of hardy plants and leaf width
Weaknesses: Sometimes difficult dikecambahkan seed. Only suitable for planting in areas that contain soil clay and plant age is relatively long compared to other varieties.
Plant Age: 85 days after the seeds are planted
• Special watermelon seeds used for food or small seeds pumpkin seeds
1. Wanli
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Plant Age: 80 days after the seeds are planted
2. Red Luck
Origin of seeds: Known You Seed Factory, Taiwan
Plant Age: 80 days after the seeds are planted
IV. GROWING CONDITIONS
Overall growth of watermelon plants consist of climate, soil and water.
1. Climate
Factors affecting climate semagka gtanaman growth, including temperature, sunshine, altitude and rainfall.
a. Temperature
Pursuant to the region of origin, plant watermelon in Africa needs a hot, dry weather for growth. Watermelon temperature ranges between 25-30 oC plant growth. The optimum temperature for vegetative growth between 20-25 ° C, while the optimum temperature for flowering is 25 deg.
b. Sun
Watermelon plants memrlukan sunlight during penuih pertumbuhannnya. Therefore planting area of watermelon should be open. Sunlight is necessary for the process of cooking food or photosynthesis of plants.
c. Altitude
watermelon plant needs a warm, dry weather for growth. Altitude for the cultivation of watermelon ranged from 0000-1000 m altitude. Ketinngian optimal location for the cultivation of watermelon, between 000-400 m above sea level.
d. Rainfall
precipitation Memerlikan crops of watermelon season between 120-150 mm or 40-50 mm per month. Memndapatkan for high production and good quality fruit, planting watermelon should be done during the dry season.
2. Land
Watermelon plants have a root system deep enough. Therefore, these plants need a loose soil, sand, and rich in organic matter. In principle, watermelon plants can be grown in different soil types, ranging Darai soil laterite soil, regosol andosol until podzolic, provided that the absence of soil properties can be manipulated by fertilization, the addition of organic matter, liming. Watermelon plants have a wide adaptability to soil pH. plant growth of watermelon is best when grown in a pH range of 6.0 to 7.2.
3. Water
Water melon memrlukan plants in large quantities to support growth and produksinnya. This is not surprising, since over 90% fruit content of watermelon is water.
V. SOIL TREATMENT
Better land in a roundabout way dioleh / hoeing as possible, and made beds with a width of 3 m and length depending on soil conditions, the distance between beds of 40 cm.
Watermelon plants can be grown without soil (TOT) by spraying herbicides using, digemburkan enough planting hole with a size of 40 x 40 x 20 cm, the hole left open 2-3 days.
VI. The planting distance / INVESTMENT
A. Spacing
Watermelon plants can be planted with a spacing
- 70 x 300 cm
- 100 x 280 cm
B. Culture
watermelon plants grown with 2 systems
- Plant the seeds directly (TBL) with the number of seeds per hole 1-2 seeds
- Sowing seeds earlier, after a 10-day seedlings can be moved on the ground
VII. MAINTENANCE STRATEGY
A. Dusting
Watermelon plants really need water spray / crop growth.
Watering can be done as follows:
- 0-7 days -> watered daily
- 7 to 14 days -> 1 x 2 days watered
- 14 to 21 days -> 1 x watered 3 days
- 21 to 30 days -> 1 x watered 4 days
B. Fertilization
Fertilizers are used for the watermelon plant, including: manure, TSP, KCl and ZA
Additional fertilizer:
1. The period from the second to the third leaf
2. Tendrils began to spread to the same period membumbun
3. The period of the first female flower
4. Period pieces of boxing
5. The period of 15 days before fruit harvest
If the soil is less contain borax, borax received the same fertilizer base to 5 kg per hectare.
Fertilizer replicas ditugalkan 10-15 cm stem
Supply of liquid fertilizer by 10 CC SEPRINT dissolved in 5 l of water and spray at the age of 2-3 weeks after planting and was repeated once 7 days to 15 days before harvest
C. Pruning
For a large fruit and high production of watermelon plants must be trimmed. The first pruning is done after the plant began branching plants watermelon regular first segment in the branches up to 4 branches, 1-2 branches custody truly healthy is less healthy for the elimination branches, and after cutting followed by removing branches that grow on the main shoots are held until the release of the first fruit buds, to get good quality fruit try fruit first removed, keep the fruit of the second and third.
D. Control of pests and diseases
Usually pests often attack plants of watermelon (which attacked the leaves) that the beetle pests Caccinelid (Sinharmonia Octamaculta) or regional language called Koronang, small animals yellowish red color, sometimes round black spots.
Control by spraying the insecticide Sevin 85 S, Dursban, Bayrusil with a dose of 2 cc / liter of water.
Diseases that attack watermelon plants are generally species of fungi, among others:
- Wit Fusarium: Maneb 80%, 80% Difolatan, M Dilsen 74%
Dithane M Propined 70%, 80% mancozeb, -45: Anthracuose -
Powdery mildew -: Karathane 37.4%; Benlate50%, 25% Marestan
(A) Pests
plant pests of watermelon can be classified into 2 groups: parasites that are not resistant to tahandan peptisida.
Pests that are not resistant to pesticides (bug sheets, forms such as chips), usually green dotted bergelombol life, no wings, and mudahberkembang multiply. The symptoms that occur berberecak yellow leaves, pertumbuhannyaterhambat. The control is done by non-chemical and chemical drugs. The second is a pest of pests resistant to pesticides such as rats, domestic animals (cats, dogs and chickens). Pengendallian: pematangselalu keep clean, built a fence that surrounds the plant, installing a alatyang produces sounds when the rotation barrier and held.
1) Thrips
thin small, pale yellow-black, edged sungutbadan. Modes of transmission are roaming the night, race menetapdan.
Control: Spray a solution of insecticide and plant moisture evenly.
2) Worm destroyer leaves
Green with black / yellow striped green, edible leaves tandaserangan to live and visible layers of candle jauhseperti perforated.
Control: performed by non-chemical and chemical.
3) Mites
Little red beast a little yellowish / greenish liquid kecilmengisap plant size, and defend themselves by biting menyengat.Tandanya, it seems that the threads of the nests of animals on the surface of leaves, leaf color is pale.
Control: performed with non-chemicals and pesticides.
4) ground silkworm
Berbintik-bintik/bergaris-garis black body length, 2-5 cm aktifmerusak and moving at night. Attacks the leaves, especially shoot-tunasmuda, adult worms prey on the plant base.
Control: (1) the simultaneous planting in an area adjacent to break the cycle and eliminate the butterflies hiduphama nest around him, (2) control secarakimiawi with drugs in accordance with the rules of planting fruit watermelon.
5) scale insects and fruit flies
Characteristics have transparent wings with yellow spots and has a trunk. Signs of an attack: there are scars padakulit fruit (such as perforation proboscis), smelled slightly sour flesh danterlihat bruising.
Control: performed by non-chemical (membersihkanlingkungan mainly on the skin of fruit, soil pests former reversed dengandibajak / hoe). Chemically with drugs.
(B) Disease
1) Fusarium
Cause: The environment and situations that allow fungi to grow (the weather is too wet).
Symptoms: rot at harvest was heavy and
fertile, little by little.
Control: (1) in non-chemically with the rotation
planting and maintenance of environmental conditions, planting new areas yangbelum planted, or planted the seed that was soaked in the drug, (2) secarakimiawi performed periodically spraying fungicides.
2) The leaf spots
Cause: The spores of bacteria carried by the wind from another plant that was attacked.
Symptoms: The leaf surface there are yellow spots and later turn brown eventually wither and die, or there are subtle berwarnaabu-abu/ungu acorns.
Control: (1) in non-chemical, such as Fusarium, (2) plants treated with a fungicide which consists of Dithane M 45dosis 1.8 to 2.4 grams / liter; Delsen MX 200 with a dose of 2-4 grams / liter, Trimoltix 65WP dose 2-3 grams / liter and 75 Wp Daconil dose of 1 to 1.5 grams / liter.
3) Antraknosa
The reason: as the disease Fusarium wilt.
Symptoms: The leaves are brown spots that eventually change color red and the leaves eventually die. Bilamenyerang fruit, pink dots appear along kelamaansemakin widespread.
Control: (1) conducted a case of non-chemical control of Fusarium wilt disease, (2) using a fungicide Velimex WPdosis 80 2 to 2.5 grams / liter of water.
4) Rot seedlings
Attack on the seeds planted.
Symptoms: brown seed stalks, vines, and then fall down dead.
Control: seeds soaked in Benlate WP dose of 20 drugs of 1-2 grams / liter of water and 44 FF 1-2cc/liter Difolathan dose of water.
5) The rotten fruit
Causes: fungal / bacterial pathogens that infect the fruit before maturity and active after the fruit begins to be picked.
Control: avoid skin damage and prevent the onset of fruit, either during transport or storage, picking fruit during the day are not cloudy / rain.
6) leaf rust
The cause: a virus transmitted by parasitic plants that grow on plant leaves.
Symptoms: blistered leaves, mottled, tend to change shape,
dwarf plants and longitudinal cracks occur on the trunk.
Control: same as the disease Fusarium wilt. Not found the right drug, which has already touched sehinggatanaman must, in order not to disseminate the healthy plants
VIII. HARVEST
a.Ciri and harvest age
Age harvested after 70-100 days after planting. Features: terjadiperubahan by color of the fruit and stem of the fruit begins to fall, the fruit is bisadipetik (harvest). Weather affected crops, and the type of seed (hybrid / jenistriploid, as well as species of stone fruit).
b.Cara Harvest
In picking fruit harvest must be done to cuacacerah time and not clear, so the fruit in dry conditions at the surface of the skin, and lasts into the hands of penyimpananan pengecer.Sebaiknya or watermelon cutting is along the stems.
c.Periode Harvest
Harvesting is done at certain times. If the fruit dapatdipanen simultaneously at a time, but if you can not be done in 2 kali.Pertama picked fruit that is old, both while the rest are taken semuanyasekaligus. The three after the leaves have started to dry because the fruit grows more tidakdapat fruit should be picked.
Production d.Prakiraan
The production of each tree must be held pembatasanhasil fruit watermelon, so it can be estimated the amount of production. Rather, the number ranged from 2-3 pieces of fruit per tree (a fruit on the tree branch dan2 fruit on the main stem of the tree), with ± 8.6 kg of fruit per tree.
VIII. Postharvest
post-harvest activities that require attention to the fruits of watermelon commodity consists of five activities, namely:
1. Washing or cleaning
watermelon fruit Dipanenharus which was cleaned of any dirt on the surface of the skin, either in the form of dirt and mud from spraying pesticide residues produced when the plant maintenance. Therefore, these kotorankotoran if not cleaned can be a source of contamination of different types of pathogens that can infect fruit at any time. In addition, leaching is also intended to lower the temperature of the fruit for the process of respiration and sweat in the fruit can be inhibited so as to prolong the freshness of fruit.
Washing of fruit should be done using chemicals and wax Britex Brogdex neutral cleaner who was traded in farm shops. Neutral Cleaner Brogdex function cleans all the dirt on the surface of the fruit skin and simultaneously kill the germs that remain attached to the skin of the fruit. While conservatives Britex or wax is used to prolong the freshness of the fruit so the fruit has a long life.
2. Sorting and grading
watermelon fruit that was harvested in general have a shape and size are not uniform, and have different levels of damage. Also, sometimes in a single planting area planted more than one species or varieties of watermelon so that the results are very heterogeneous. This heterogeneous state should split up in order to obtain a uniform product, both in terms of size (weight), fruit flesh color of fruit, fruit damage, fruit maturity, and variety. Activities fracture is called sorting. By sorting it will be easier in the grouping into classes (class) or the classification itself.
Sorting and classification are two activities that can not be separated from each other because they have a very close relationship to determine the level of fruit in the uniformity of certain groups. With sorting and classification will facilitate the marketing, especially to determine the price level, to facilitate consumers in choosing the items you want to provide consumer satisfaction and confidence to ensure market stability.
The watermelon fruit pengkelasan criteria can be performed using the following criteria:
- Class I: The fruit weight of 4 kg or more, depending on the variety of perfect fruit, no faults, and the fruit is ripe.
- Class II fruit weight between 2-4 pounds, perfect fruit shape depending on the variety, there is no default and the fruit is ripe.
- Class III: The weight of less than 2 kg of fruit, fruit shape perfectly with the varieties, there are no defects, and the fruit is ripe.
- Class IV: This is an assortment of fruit class I, class II, class III because of the presence of a disability or other factors, but the fruit is still within safe to eat .
3. Storage
storage of fruit watermelon can be done in a room at low temperature with room temperature control or storage in a ventilated room without temperature control. Storage at low temperature is the fruit stored at room temperature is 40 ° F or 4.4 o C with humidity in the room about 80-85%. With such a low temperature storage of fresh fruit can be up to 4-5 weeks. Although storage in a ventilated room without temperature control is the fruit stored in a room or a warehouse that has been fumigated or didesinfektan.
4. Packaging and transport
watermelon fruit packing can use containers or baskets. The fruit is about to be transported to the integrated marketing centers in the container was mostly the protective material of paper clippings or hay as a pillow. In fact hindarkanlah packaging capacity that exceeds the capacity of the packaging unit to prevent damage from the crowd, pressure, or the impact of other packaging equipment. Packaging tool should memil ventilation holes in the walls of the high humidity can be avoided.
Pengengkutan function in post-harvest activities are intended to convey the watermelon fruit garden or storage to marketing centers like Central Market, local markets, supermarkets etc..
5. Marketing
In marketing activities, the factors to consider is the pricing and marketing jalurjalur or institutions involved in the distribution of the fruits of watermelon. Pricing should be based on a specific class, the price level in category I should be higher than the price level basement.
To obtain a higher sale price, farmers can reduce time to market (business administration). Thus, farmers can obtain keuntunan. By shortening the path to trading system then the farmer's income may be higher and consumers can also benefit, namely the price level falls into the hands of consumers so that consumers can reduce the power increase consumer buying in the market.
Overview Agribusiness Opportunities
culture technique of watermelon has been conventionally understood. Will also be shown lebihsempurna when its economic value. It is important mengetahuitingkat the feasibility and cost of production per hectare dalamsetiap income. In addition farmers can estimate the penanamansemangka desired area, will also be sought in accordance dimiliki.Untuk capital that supports the calculation of the conventional thing agricultural watermelon adabeberapa analysis to highlight the following: a) Plants grown in monoculture of watermelon with a spacing of 5.0 mx 0.8 m so that the plant population per hectare reached tanaman.b 3500) varieties of watermelon grown plants is a kind of superiority (F1hibrid), namely varieties mindful.c) The planting sites are diesel-water as a source of water if diperlukan.d) workforce is divided into two working men (HKP) and employment of women (HKW) The cost of labor for men is higher than women's work, hours of work per day: 8 jam.e) Growing watermelon conducted during the dry season (March-September) Cost analysis. This income is not fixed, depending on the land besarnyasewa, employees, fluctuations in prices saprodi, and the price of fruit production are obtained.
STRATEGY
producers of watermelon with a Japanese feel able to form a glorious garden production of watermelon watermelon-shaped box. outsmart them by entering the watermelon fruit is still weak in a box. Watermelon will then grow inside the box. When the fruit of watermelon is grown and ready to be harvested, then the shape of watermelon printed in a box shape. Besides the shape of the box, there is also a heart-shaped and pyramid.
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